In the battery ecosystem emerging from the growing diffusion of battery-powered electric vehicles, second-life applications for batteries can contribute to more sustainable management.

This report recommends that more clarity be provided regarding the liability framework governing responsibilities for batteries entering repurposing pathways. Further efforts will be needed to adequately standardise the second-life EVB framework and provide harmonised approaches in areas such as State of Health and State of Charge. 

In addition, more must be done to boost demand for second-life applications and help create a market for them. Funding schemes and EU-funded projects can continue supporting innovation, particularly in the automation of repurposing processes to enable further cost reductions.